DAVIS VISION, Inc. v. Demand
Domains, Inc.
Claim Number: FA0802001142731
PARTIES
Complainant is DAVIS VISION, Inc. (“Complainant”), represented by Bryce
J. Maynard, of Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC,
REGISTRAR AND DISPUTED DOMAIN NAME
The domain name at issue is <davisvison.com>, registered with Enom, Inc.
PANEL
The undersigned certifies that he or she has acted independently and
impartially and to the best of his or her knowledge has no known conflict in
serving as Panelist in this proceeding.
Mr. Peter L. Michaelson, Esq. as Panelist.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Complaint was brought pursuant to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute
Resolution Policy (“Policy”), available at <icann.org/services/udrp/udrppolicy24oct99.htm>, which was
adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) on
August 26, 1999, and approved on October 24, 1999, and in accordance
with the ICANN Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
(“Rules”) as approved on October 24, 1999, as supplemented by the National
Arbitration Forum Supplemental Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution
Policy then in effect (“Supplemental Rules”).
Complainant submitted a Complaint to the National Arbitration Forum (“Forum”)
electronically on February 6, 2008; the Forum
received a hard copy of the Complaint on February
7, 2008.
On February 7, 2008, Enom, Inc. confirmed by e-mail to the Forum
that the <davisvison.com>
domain name is registered with the Registrar and that Respondent is the current
registrant of the name. The Registrar has
verified that Respondent is bound by the Enom, Inc.
registration agreement and has thereby agreed to resolve domain-name disputes
brought by third parties in accordance with the Policy.
On February 14, 2008, a
Notification of Complaint and Commencement of Administrative Proceeding (the
“Commencement Notification”), setting a deadline of March 5, 2008 by which
Respondent could file a Response to the Complaint, was transmitted to
Respondent via e-mail, post and fax, to all entities and persons listed on
Respondent’s registration as technical, administrative and billing contacts,
and to postmaster@davisvison.com by
e-mail.
A timely Response was received by the Forum and determined to be
complete on March 5, 2008. However, the Response was deemed deficient
pursuant to ICANN Rule 5(b) since a hard copy of the Response was not
received prior to the Response deadline.
Nevertheless, since the electronic copy was timely received by the
Forum, the Panel fully considered the Response.
On March 12, 2008, pursuant to Complainant’s
request to have the dispute decided by a single-member Panel, the Forum
appointed Mr. Peter L. Michaelson, Esq. as Panelist and set a due date of March 26, 2008 to receive the decision
from the Panel.
RELIEF SOUGHT
Complainant requests that the disputed domain name be transferred from
Respondent to Complainant.
PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS
A. Complainant
1. Confusing
similarity/identicality
Complainant contends that the disputed domain name is not only confusingly similar but also virtually identical to its DAVISVISION mark inasmuch as the name merely omits the second letter “i” from that mark, thus constituting so-called typosquatting.
Hence, Complainant concludes that it has met the requirements of paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy.
2. Rights and legitimate
interests
Complainant contends, for any of various reasons, that Respondent has no rights or legitimate interests in the disputed domain name under paragraph 4(a)(ii) of the Policy.
First, Complainant states that Respondent’s use of the name in conjunction with its website, specifically resolved through that name, is not a bona fide use. In that regard, the site (a hard-copy printout of the home page of which appears in Exhibit 5 to the Complaint) depicts a series of links for categories such as “Laser Surgery,” “Optometrists,” and “Vision Insurance.” These links direct Internet users to sub-pages (copies of which appear in Exhibits 6 and 7 to the Complaint) within the site which, in turn, provide click-though links to third-party websites which advertise and sell optometry and vision insurance services. These links, when accessed by a consumer through that site, generate financial gain for Respondent and present vision insurance and related services which directly compete with those offered by Complainant under its DAVISVISION mark. Such offerings predicated on deceiving Internet users through typosquatting do not constitute a bona fide offering of goods or services, or a legitimate non-commercial or fair use of the disputed domain name.
Second, Complainant and its predecessors-in-interest have used
its the DAVISVISION mark for over 15 years, thus precluding Respondent from becoming
commonly known by that or a similar mark.
Further, Complainant has neither authorized nor licensed Respondent to
use or exploit Complainant’s mark, to register the disputed name, or to
otherwise associate itself with Complainant.
3. Bad faith use and
registration
Complainant contends that
Respondent has registered and is using the disputed domain name in bad faith,
hence in violation of paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the
Policy.
Specifically, Complainant alleges that Respondent’s purpose in
registering the name, given that it is an intentional misspelling of
Complainant’s mark, is to create a likelihood of confusion with that mark and, by doing so, mislead and divert
consumers, who otherwise seek Complainant’s website, to Respondent’s site
instead and to Respondent’s ultimate pecuniary benefit. In that regard, Respondent’s site provides
links to third‑party vision insurance services which directly compete
with vision insurance services that Complainant offers at its site and under
its DAVISVISION mark. Respondent
receives click-through income as a result of any visitor having clicked on any
of those links.
B. Respondent
Respondent does not contest Complainant’s allegations regarding:
confusing similarity of the name to the mark, and Respondent’s lack of rights
and legitimate interests in the name.
As to bad faith, Respondent states that it had no knowledge of
Complainant’s registered mark when it assumed ownership of the name and continuously
thereafter until the date it received the present Complaint. Further, Respondent has implemented its own
policy through which it will return all domain names, which violate trademark
rights, to their legitimate owners. In
accordance with that policy, Respondent, through its corporate counsel repeatedly
tried to contact Complainant’s counsel, from February 13, 2008 through
March 4, 2008, to arrange for the disputed domain name to be
transferred to Complainant. Yet, in spite
of these attempts, Respondent’s counsel never received a response from
Complainant’s counsel. As a result, the
transfer never occurred.
As such, Respondent contends that it did not register the name in bad
faith, and its conduct in attempting, though ultimately unsuccessfully, to
contact Complainant for purposes of arranging transfer of the name to
Complainant actually manifested good faith.
FINDINGS
A copy of the WHOIS registration record for
the disputed domain name appears in Exhibit 4 to the Complaint. As indicated, the domain name was registered
on June 5, 2002.
A. Complainant’s DAVISVISION
Mark
Complainant
owns a
DAVISVISION
(stylized)
filed: May 10, 1999
This mark is currently
registered for use in connection with "administration of pre-paid health
care plans namely vision care benefits programs provided to members of group
and individual health care programs” in international class 36, and “optician
and optometric services” in class 42. The registration certificate states that
both first use and first use in commerce of the mark for the services in both
of these classes commenced as of January 7, 1991.
B. Complainant and its
activities
Complainant and its predecessors-in-interest
have used its DAVISVISION mark without interruption since at least as early as
1991. Complainant prominently displays
its DAVISVISION mark in its advertising and promotional materials and uses that
mark to identify Complainant as the source of its vision insurance and related services. Complainant spends significant resources
developing consumer awareness and goodwill by promoting its services under its
mark.
Complainant currently owns the domain name <davisvision.com>
and uses the website to which that name resolves to promote its various vision-related
services. (a hard-copy printout of the home page to
which that name resolves appears in Exhibit 2 to the Complaint).
C. Respondent and its activities
Respondent’s website resolvable through the disputed domain name, <davisvison.com>, depicts a series of links for categories such as “Laser Surgery,” “Optometrists,” and “Vision Insurance.” These links direct Internet users to sub-pages within that website, which provide click-though links to third‑party websites through optometry and vision insurance services are advertised and sold that directly compete with Complainant’s offerings made under its mark.
Respondent, being a domain name registrar, did not itself register the name but rather assumed ownership over it. Respondent has a policy in effect through which it will not hold domain names in derogation of rights then held by their legitimate holders.
Once Respondent received a copy on February 13, 2008 of the present Complaint which detailed Complainant’s rights in its DAVISVISION mark -- of which rights Respondent had no prior knowledge, Respondent’s counsel attempted to contact Complainant’s counsel by e-mail in order to arrange for an immediate transfer of the name to Complainant. It received no response from Complainant’s counsel. Subsequently, Respondent’s counsel sent further e-mails on February 29 and March 4 to Complainant’s counsel and left a voice mail message on February 29 for Complainant’s counsel -- each seeking a reply in order to effectuate the transfer. No such reply ever occurred.
DISCUSSION
Paragraph 15(a) of the Rules for Uniform Domain
Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the “Rules”) instructs this Panel to “decide a
complaint on the basis of the statements and documents submitted in accordance
with the Policy, these Rules and any rules and principles of law that it deems
applicable.”
Paragraph 4(a) of the Policy requires that the Complainant must prove
each of the following three elements to obtain an order that a domain name
should be cancelled or transferred:
(1) the domain name registered by the Respondent
is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the
Complainant has rights;
(2) the Respondent has no rights or legitimate
interests in respect of the domain name; and
(3) the domain name has been registered and is being used in bad
faith.
The Panel finds that the disputed domain name is
confusingly similar to Complainant’s DAVISVISION mark.
The proper analysis under paragraph 4(a)(i) of
the Policy simply focuses on comparing the disputed domain name, <davisvison.com>, to
Complainant's DAVISVISION mark to assess the degree of similarity between the
two and its likely potential to cause confusion of Internet users. See AOL LLC v. Loto LLC, FA 1075473 (Nat. Arb. Forum November 2, 2007).
From a simple comparison of the disputed domain name
and the mark DAVISVISION, no doubt exists that the name is confusingly similar
to that mark. The only differences
between the name and that mark are the deletion of the second letter
"I" from the mark and the appending of a gTLD (generic top-level
domain) “.com” to the mark ‑‑ with the latter being totally
irrelevant in assessing confusing similarity or identicality under paragraph 4(a)
of the Policy and thus ignored.
It is now very well‑established in UDRP
precedent, including numerous decisions previously rendered by this Panel, that
minor variations, such as illustratively adding or deletion or short letter or
number groups or even addition of generic words to a mark, are each
insufficient in and of itself, when used in forming a domain name that results
from modifying the mark, to confer requisite and sufficient distinctiveness to
that name to avoid user confusion. Deleting
the letter "I" such that the term “DAVISVISION” becomes in the domain
name “DAVISVISON” is clearly such a minor variation. See AOL LLC, cited supra; F. Hoffmann‑La Roche AG v. Transliner
Consultants, D2007‑1359 (WIPO Nov. 14, 2007); Nat’l Football League v. Blucher, D2007‑1064
(WIPO Sept. 24, 2007); Tetris
Holding, LLC v. Smashing Conceptions, FA 1030720 (Nat. Arb. Forum Sept.
11, 2007); Toilets.com, Inc. v. Rons
Porta Johns, D2007‑0952 (WIPO Aug. 27, 2007); Associated Bank Corp. v.
Therefore, the Panel finds that the disputed
domain name <davisvison.com>
is confusingly similar to Complainant’s DAVISVISION mark as to cause confusion;
hence, Complainant has satisfied its burden under paragraph 4(a)(i) of the Policy.
Respondent has not provided any basis that, under the circumstances
here, would legitimize a claim to the disputed domain name under
paragraph 4(c) of the Policy.
No evidence exists of record that Complainant has ever authorized
Respondent to utilize Complainant's DAVISVISION mark or any mark confusingly
similar thereto, nor does Complainant have any relationship or association
whatsoever with Respondent.
Consequently, any use to which Respondent were to put the DAVISVISION mark
or one confusingly similar thereto in connection with identical or similar
services to those currently provided by Complainant under its DAVISVISION mark --
as Respondent has in fact done so here -- would violate the exclusive federal
trademark rights now residing in Complainant.
In that regard, given the consumer recognition and goodwill which
Complainant has acquired, through continuous use of its DAVISVISION mark for
the past 17 years in conjunction with its vision insurance and related services
sold under that mark and hence for the mark itself, the Panel believes that
Internet users, who seek Complainant’s website but encounter the disputed
domain name and possibly through it reach Respondent's site instead, would
reasonably think that a relationship or affiliation of some sort exists between
Complainant and Respondent, when, in actuality, none exists at all. See Nat’l Football League, Toilets.com,
Inc., Associated Bank, Napster and
Caeser’s Entm’t, all cited supra;
and GoDaddy.com, Inc., v.
GoDaddysDomain.com,
Further, there is absolutely no evidence of
record that Respondent has ever been commonly known by the disputed domain
name.
Moreover, since Respondent's use of the name is clearly commercial in
nature, that use does not constitute either a legitimate noncommercial or fair
use, and hence does not fall within paragraph 4(c)(iii)
of the Policy. Further, since
Respondent's use of the name infringes Complainant's trademark rights, that use
is not bona fide within
paragraph 4(c)(i) of the Policy.
Accordingly, the Panel concludes that Respondent has no rights or
legitimate interests in the disputed domain name within paragraphs 4(a)(ii) and 4(c) of the Policy.
Notwithstanding Respondent's beseeching to the contrary, the Panel finds that Respondent’s actions constitute bad faith registration and use of the disputed domain name.
Though Respondent would like the Panel to narrowly
focus its assessment as to whether Respondent’s conduct amounted to bad faith
solely from the perspective of its repeated offers to transfer the name, at no
cost, to Complainant, those actions are not the only guidepost here by any
means. This is not the conduct which
provoked Complainant into filing its Complaint.
Rather, that conduct ‑‑ which Complainant emphatically and clearly
states in its Complaint but which Respondent completely ignores in its Response
‑‑ is Respondent's use of the name, which contains a confusingly
similar version of Complainant's DAVISVISION mark, as an instrumentality to
point Internet users to a website that itself provides links to third‑party
services directly competitive with Complainant's offerings made under its mark. This, in turn, causes confusion of Internet
users from which Respondent benefits ‑‑ apparently through click‑through
revenue, while Complainant suffers by incurring injury to its mark and
reputation.
Whereas the Panel notes that Respondent and
Registrar have the same mailing address, the Panel infers that that Respondent,
Demand Domains, Inc., is
related to Registrar, eNom, Inc. -- though the exact nature of the relationship
is not stated in the record. Hence, for
purposes of analyzing bad faith, the Panel will treat both Respondent and the
Registrar as a single entity and will collectively refer to both hereinafter
simply as “Respondent-registrar eNom.” Therefore,
as a threshold matter, the question arises as to whether, under the Policy,
registrars in general can be respondents and more specifically whether here Respondent
Demand Domains, Inc. is a proper respondent.
Though the Policy, Rules and Supplemental
Rules make no specific mention of encompassing registrars within their reach,
one need only look at the registrar's conduct in any given situation.
Specifically, to begin, Supplemental Rule 1(d)
defines a "Holder of a Domain Name Registration" as "the single
person or entity listed in the WHOIS registration information at the time of
the filing of the Complaint with the Forum; and once the registrar has verified
registration, is limited to the single person or entity as verified by the
registrar". This is the respondent
against whom a complaint is filed by a complainant, the latter being defined in
Supplemental Rule 1(e) as "the single person or entity claiming to have
rights in the domain name, or multiple persons or entities who have a
sufficient nexus who can each claim to have rights to all domain names listed
in the Complaint." Consequently,
under Supplemental Rule 1(d), a respondent is the entity identified in the
WHOIS registration information as the registrant of the name in question and is
then so verified by the registrar.
If a registrar were solely acting as an agent
of a third‑party registrant in registering a domain name, then the registrar
would not be the registrant of that name and hence would not a "Holder of
a Domain Name Registration" and thus could not under Supplemental Rule 1(d)
be a respondent in a UDRP action. Hence,
an ICANN administrative panel would have no jurisdiction over alleged
improprieties associated merely with its acts in registering names for others.
However, where a registrar's conduct with
respect to a domain name expands beyond performing mere administerial duties in
accepting and implementing name registration for another into use by itself of
the name, then its role changes from that of a mere registrar to that of an
owner‑user. Such a change, which
in fact occurred here, exposes the registrar to the full force and effect of
the Policy by virtue of the registrar having then become a "Holder of a
Domain Name Registration" and then verified as such. Here, Registrar Enom satisfies both prongs of
Supplemental Rule 1(d) and thus is a proper respondent. Importantly, see Paxar Americas, Inc. v. eNom, Inc., FA 980114 (Nat. Arb. Forum June 22, 2007) which
involved, before this very same Panel, the very same registrar, as here, Enom,
Inc. There, the registrar-respondent eNom
acquired a domain name <monarchmarking.com> previously registered by
another which contained a complainant’s registered mark, MONARCH. That name resolved to an operational website
through which products were offered that directly competed with those then
offered by complainant through its own web site. Even though registrar-respondent eNom, upon receipt
of the complaint -- as here, unilaterally offered to transfer the domain name
to complainant, as legitimate rights holder, it nevertheless -- as in the
present case -- kept the website in operation.
This Panelist found that conduct pierced whatever immunity
registrar-respondent eNom would otherwise have enjoyed had it not taken on
aspects of a domain name owner-user. Ultimately,
this Panel found bad faith and ordered the name transferred to complainant. Also, see Solutia, Inc. v. Sur Hosting, FA 716391 (Nat. Arb. Forum Aug.
30, 2006) (finding that Sur Hosting is a proper respondent under Supplemental
Rule 1(d)).
In spite of the earlier Paxar Americas decision which castigated the respondent-registrar’s
conduct -- of which its present conduct complained of here is for all intents
and purposes no different, Respondent-registrar eNom continued exploiting
domain names it has acquired as owner-user to the detriment of legitimate
rights holders. Consequently, this
Panel, rather than simply citing to its analysis in that decision, will, for
the purpose of emphasizing its sharp disdain for the rather egregious conduct
involved both here and there will repeat, verbatim, pertinent portions of that
analysis which apply with equal vigor here, as follows, with the hope and expectation
that Respondent‑registrar eNom, as well as all others similarly situated,
will now finally and wisely heed the dictates of that decision and, avoid the
cost, scrutiny and other potentially adverse consequences associated with repeatedly
defending their actions in ICANN proceedings, by implementing appropriate and
sufficient steps to immediately cease this conduct with respect to other domain
names each of them currently owns and prevent its occurrence with respect to
names each may acquire in the future.
In such instances where a registrar becomes
an owner‑user, no deference whatsoever is attributed to a registrar's
coordinate role as being the actual registrar of the disputed name itself. The registrar faces the exact same scrutiny
and liability under the Policy for its conduct as would any domain name
registrant. If this were not the case,
then domain name registrars could, with impunity under the Policy, register and
use domain names in a manner that inflicts harm on legitimate rights
holders. Such a result would lie
directly contrary to the very goals of the Policy ‑‑ recognition
and preference to the legitimate rights of trademark holders as against abusive
domain name registration.
Even in situations, as here, where a registrar
has laudably made and implemented policies and practices ostensibly, at least
in theory, to protect the legitimate rights of those holders by returning, on
demand and at no cost, to those holders names that infringe their rights, those
policies and practices could be unilaterally ignored by the registrar whenever
it desires, thus, in practice, frustrating their intent and rendering both a
complete nullity to the ultimate detriment of those rights holders. Such a result would simply be indefensible
and intolerable.
Respondent Enom argues that once the
Complaint was filed, it was precluded from taking any action to transfer the
disputed domain name to Complainant.
While, under paragraph 8(a) of the Policy, this was indeed true,
what existed to prevent it from taking suitable action to protect the rights of
Complainant prior to that filing? As the
record is completely silent on this point, the Panel infers that the answer is
nothing. Specifically and
illustratively, what prevented Respondent from immediately terminating the use
of the name, once the initial registrant defaulted or shortly thereafter but in
either case before the Complaint was filed, as an operative address to a web
site through which ultimately products were offered that were competitive with
those of Complainant, thus preventing any further user confusion and user
direction to third‑party sites?
Again, the record is silent.
Alternatively, what prevented Respondent, once the initial registrant
defaulted, from simply canceling the registration and casting the disputed name
back into the public domain rather than using it at all, let alone as it
actually did? Here too, the record is
silent. Again, the answer must be
inferred as being nothing.
Thus, it stands to reason that Respondent Enom
could have chosen not to exploit the name, but here, in furtherance of its own
benefit whether pecuniary or otherwise, it did not do so and since it did not
then it must fully accept all the risks associated with what it actually did ‑‑
one of those risks being exposure to the Policy. Therefore, Respondent Enom's actions, in
using the name as it did to both cause user confusion and exploit that
confusion for its own benefit, were both intentional and continuing, clearly
evidencing bad faith under paragraph 4(b)(iv) of the Policy.
See
also Nicholas V. Perricone, M.D. & N.V. Perricone LLC v. Compana LLC,
NAF Case No. FA 825260 (Nat. Arb. Forum
Dec. 16, 2006) for a similar situation involving a respondent‑registrar
though not involving Respondent-registrar Enom.
Hence, the Panel views Respondent-registrar Enom's actions, with respect to the disputed domain name, as constituting bad faith registration and use in violation of general paragraph 4(a)(iii) of the Policy and moreover paragraph 4(b)(iv) thereof.
Accordingly, the Panel concludes that Complainant has provided sufficient proof of its allegations to establish a prima facie case under paragraph 4(a) of the Policy upon which the relief it now seeks can be granted.
Thus, the Panel concludes that Complainant
has provided sufficient proof of its allegations to establish a prima facie
case under Paragraph 4(a) of the Policy upon which the relief it now seeks can
be granted.
DECISION
In accordance with Paragraph 4(i) of the Policy and Paragraph 15 of the
Rules, the relief sought by Complainant is hereby GRANTED.
Accordingly, the Panel orders that the disputed domain name, <davisvison.com>, is to be TRANSFERRED
from Respondent to Complainant.
Peter L. Michaelson, Esq., Panelist
Dated: March 26, 2008